Medicinal chemistry of Ketamine Hydrochloride

Introduction : Ketamine Hydrochloride belongs to the group of Anesthetics particularly General Anesthetics as Intravenous Anesthetics.. ...

Introduction:
Ketamine Hydrochloride belongs to the group of Anesthetics particularly General Anesthetics as Intravenous Anesthetics..

Description
It is a rapid-acting general anaesthetic drug which causes anaesthesia accompanied by deep
analgesia, slightly modified skeletal muscle tone and appreciable cardiovascular and respiratory
stimulation. Of course, it is an intravenous anaesthetic agent of choice for surgical operations of short
duration, but with additional doses it may effect anaesthesia for a span of 6 hours or even longer.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [PubChem]

Categories

• Analgesics
• General Anesthetics
• Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
• Anesthetics, Dissociative

Analysis

2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone hydrochloride
Chemical Formula: C13H17Cl2NO
Exact Mass: 273.07
Molecular Weight: 274.19
m/z: 273.07 (100.0%), 275.07 (64.2%), 274.07 (14.7%), 277.06 (10.2%), 276.07 (9.1%), 278.07 (1.5%)
Elemental Analysis: C, 56.95; H, 6.25; Cl, 25.86; N, 5.11; O, 5.84

Pharmacology of  Ketamine Hydrochloride

Indication	For use as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation.
Pharmacodynamics	Ketamine is a rapid-acting general anesthetic producing an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression. Ketamine is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. The anesthetic state produced by Ketamine has been termed “dissociative anesthesia” in that it appears to selectively interrupt association pathways of the brain before producing somesthetic sensory blockade. It may selectively depress the thalamoneocortical system before significantly obtunding the more ancient cerebral centers and pathways (reticularactivating and limbic systems).
Mechanism of action	Ketamine has several clinically useful properties, including analgesia and less cardiorespiratory depressant effects than other anaesthetic agents, it also causes some stimulation of the cardiocascular system. Ketamine has been reported to produce general as well as local anaesthesia. It interacts with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, opioid receptors, monoaminergic receptors, muscarinic receptors and voltage sensitive Ca ion channels. Unlike other general anaesthetic agents, ketamine does not interact with GABA receptors.

Structure and Synthesis of  Ketamine Hydrochloride